Preferential policies : an international perspective by Sowell Thomas 1930-

Author:Sowell, Thomas, 1930- [Sowell, Thomas, 1930-]
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
Tags: Race discrimination, Affirmative action programs, Discrimination raciale, Programmes d'action positive, Rassendiscriminatie, Overheidsbeleid
Publisher: New York : W. Morrow
Published: 1990-05-24T19:00:00+00:00

Minority Preferences in Majority Economies

years old) earning 62 percent of what their white counterparts earned, at that time, foreshadowing a continued rise as this younger generation began to replace their elders in the labor force.^^ This was the situation at mid-century, on the eve of "the civil rights revolution" which produced legislation and policies mandating first "equal opportunity" and then "affirmative action."

These pre-existing trends continued under the new policies, which were often credited with economic improvements that occurred in the wake of these policies. It is an often-cited statistic that the number of blacks in professional and other high-level occupations increased significantly in the years following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but it is an almost totally ignored fact that the number of blacks in such occupations increased even more rapidly in the years preceding passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.92

Because blacks were also receiving more (and often better) education compared to the earlier decades of the twentieth century, and were migrating massively out of the low-income South, powerful factors other than federal policy went into raising black incomes and occupations. Some statistical studies which attempted to sort out these various factors concluded that migration was a significant reason for the rise of black incomes relative to that of whites between 1940 and 1970, with enforcement of federal policy being either negligible or even negative in its effect.^3 The largest gains in black wages relative to those of whites between 1960 and 1970 occurred in private sector industries less regulated by government and less likely to be government contractors.94

Black males with more education and more job experience have advanced in income, both absolutely and relative to whites, while black males with less education and less job experience have retrogressed relative to whites over the same span of years.95 In short, the gains have gone to those

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